Yes on multiple levels.
The most obvious being samba for local printer and file sharing.
But also through the internet, right now your more then likely connected to one or more systems running linux, solaris and or some bsd variant.
You can even authenticate windows machine from linux, using Kerberos/BindDNS/ISADHCP/OpenLdap/Samba to create an opensource compatible activedirectory. You can do anything a windows machine can do, just more efficiently(with a few exceptions, just as binary compatibility and libraries which of course includes windows virus).
I use a Openbsd gateway/router/nat at the top of my network, this machine communicates dhcp/dns/samba/routing tables/etc,etc to windows, solaris, linux, freebsd, cisco switchs, wireless routers, ps3, xbox 360(even share music/movies/pictures between linux and the ps3 and xbox).
Ethernet, IP the internet was invented as a means to create a standardized network in which different operating systems and hardware could communicate with out bias.
I can not recommend linux if your the type of person who likes to spend lots of money on things you don't need. Linux is not for people who don't like to save money and for people who aren't ok with their computing out lasting its welcome.
Lasting far beyound the manufacture warranty.
If you don't like your computer working. Stick to windows. While running Linux, your computer just won't quit, it just keeps going and going, you have to actually try to break which might cause windows users to suffer from "my computer works" syndrome.
You have been warned.