If the laptops are getting a good connection at the same distance then most likely the issue is with your particular computer not with the signal strength itself.
A wifi adapter would not help specifically because an adapter is for use on a computer that does not have a network card installed which allows for a wifi connection.
Clearly you do already have a network card that has wifi capability because you would not have any options to create a wifi connection in the first place if it did not.
I think what you are contemplating wanting to get is something that will boost the signal strength, but like I said I doubt that is the issue if other devices are working fine at the same distance.
What you should probably look at doing is replacing your network card. The one that is in your computer now could simply be failing, they tend to do that.
You can try to update the drivers for it through your Device Manager and see if that helps things, but if it does not then you're going to want to replace the card.
If indeed the issue is with the network card itself then you can certainly buy an adapter and run off the signal from the adapter instead of the signal for the network card, that would solve your connectivity issues, however, if the problem is actually a signal strength issue then the adapter is not going to make any difference at all, you would need to look at a signal booster or simply use your computer closer to the main connection for the house.